Comparison of the internal thoracic artery flow dissected by video endoscopy or conventional technique

ABSTRACT Purpose: To compare the blood flow in the internal thoracic artery when dissected endoscopically in a conventional manner, in addition to develop a reliable experimental training model for the surgical team. Methods: Paired experimental study. Ten pigs were operated and had both internal thoracic arteries dissected, the right with a conventional technique and the left by video endoscopy. The main outcomes to be studied were flow, length, and time of dissection of each vessel. Results: Blood flow measurements were performed with mean heart rate of 100 ± 16 bpm and mean arterial pressure of 89.7 ± 13 mm Hg. The mean blood flow of endoscopic dissection of the internal thoracic artery was 170.2 ± 66.3 mL/min and by direct view was 180.8 ± 70.5 (p = 0.26). Thus, there was no statistically significant difference between the flows, showing no inferiority between the methods. Conclusions: The minimally invasive dissection of the internal thoracic artery was shown to be not inferior to the dissection by open technique in relation to the blood flow in the present experimental model. In addition, the model that we replicated was shown to be adequate for the development of the learning curve and improvement of the endoscopic abilities.

Can virtual reality be as good as operating room training? experience from a residency program in general surgery / A realidade virtual pode ser tão boa como o treinamento em sala cirúrgica? experiências de um programa de residência em cirurgia geral

ABSTRACT Background: The increasingly intense usage of technology applied to videosurgery and the advent of robotic platforms accelerated the use of virtual models in training surgical skills. Aim: To evaluate the performance of a general surgery department's residents in a video-simulated laparoscopic cholecystectomy in order to understand whether training with virtual reality is sufficient to provide the skills that are normally acquired in hands-on experience at the operating room. Methods: An observational study with twenty-five first- and second-year general surgery residents. Each subject performed three video-laparoscopic cholecystectomies under supervision in a simulator. Only the best performance was evaluated in the study. Total number of complications and total procedure time were evaluated independently. The groups were defined according to total practice time (G1 and G2) and the year of residency (R1 and R2), each being analysed separately. Results: Twenty-one residents finished the three practices, with four follow-up losses. Mean practice time was 33.5 hours. Lowering of the rate of lesions in important structures could be identified after a level of proficiency of 60%, which all participants obtained regardless of previous in vivo experience. No significant difference between the R1 and R2 groups was observed. Conclusion: Learning in groups R1 and R2 was equal, regardless of whether previous practice was predominantly in vivo (R2) or with virtual reality (R1). Therefore, it is possible to consider that skills obtained in virtual reality training are capable of equalising the proficiency of first- and second-year residents, being invaluable to increase patient safety and homogenise learning of basic surgical procedures.

RESUMO Racional: O uso cada vez mais intenso da tecnologia aplicado à cirurgia em vídeo e o advento das plataformas robóticas, aceleraram o uso de modelos virtuais no treinamento de habilidades cirúrgicas. Objetivo: Avaliar o desempenho dos médicos residentes em um serviço de cirurgia geral em colecistectomia vídeo simulada laparoscópica em um centro de realidade virtual para entender se o treinamento de realidade virtual é suficiente para equipará-lo às habilidades adquiridas no centro cirúrgico. Método: Estudo observacional transversal com 25 residentes de cirurgia geral do primeiro e segundo anos. Cada residente realizou três colecistectomias videolaparoscópicas com supervisão em um simulador. O melhor desempenho foi avaliado no estudo. O número total de complicações e tempo total do procedimento foram avaliados de forma independente. Os grupos foram definidos de acordo com o tempo total de prática (G1 e G2) e o ano de residência (R1 e R2), os quais foram analisados isoladamente. Resultados: Vinte e um médicos residentes médicos concluíram as 3 práticas, com 4 perdas de seguimento e praticaram uma média de 33,5 h. Diminuição das lesões em estruturas importantes foi identificada após nível de proficiência de 60%, que todos os participantes obtiveram independentemente da experiência anterior in vivo. Não houve diferença significativa entre os resultados dos grupos R1 e R2. Conclusões: O aprendizado dos grupos R1 e R2 pode ser considerado igual, independentemente de a prática anterior ser majoritariamente in vivo (R2) ou em realidade virtual (R1). Assim, é possível considerar que as habilidades cirúrgicas adquiridas a partir do treinamento virtual são capazes de equiparar a proficiência dos residentes de primeiro e segundo ano, sendo fundamental para aumentar a segurança dos pacientes e homogeneizar o aprendizado de procedimentos cirúrgicos básicos.